Litmus Paper and the Litmus Test

You can make paper test strips to determine the pH of an aqueous solution by treating filter paper with any of the common pH indicators. One of the first indicators used for this purpose was litmus. Litmus paper is paper that has been treated with a specific indicator—a mixture of 10 to 15 natural dyes obtained from lichens (mainly Roccella tinctoria) that turns red in response to acidic conditions (pH 7). When the pH is neutral (pH 7), then the dye is purple. History The first known use of litmus was around 1300 CE by Spanish alchemist Arnaldus de Villa Nova. The blue dye has been extracted from lichens since the 16th century. The word litmus comes from the old Norse word for dye or color. While all litmus paper acts as pH paper, the opposite is not true. Its incorrect to refer to all pH paper as litmus paper. Fast Facts: Litmus Paper Litmus paper is a type of pH paper made by treating the paper with natural dyes from lichens.The litmus test is performed by placing a small drop of sample onto the colored paper.Usually, litmus paper is either red or blue. Red paper turns blue when the pH is alkaline, while blue paper turns red when the pH turns acidic.While litmus paper is most often used to test the pH of liquids, it can be used to test gases if the paper is dampened with distilled water before exposure to the gas. Litmus Test To perform the test, place a drop of liquid sample on a small strip of paper or dip a piece of litmus paper in a small specimen of the sample. Ideally, dont dip litmus paper in an entire container of a chemical; the dye could contaminate a potentially valuable sample. The litmus test is a quick method of determining whether a liquid or gaseous solution is acidic or basic (alkaline). The test can be performed using litmus paper or an aqueous solution containing litmus dye. Initially, litmus paper is either red or blue. The blue paper changes to red, indicating acidity somewhere between the pH range of 4.5 to 8.3. (Note, however, that 8.3 is alkaline.)  Red litmus paper can indicate alkalinity with a change to blue. In general, litmus paper is red below a pH of 4.5 and blue above a pH of 8.3. If the paper turns purple, this indicates the pH is near neutral. Red paper that does not change color indicates the sample is an acid. Blue paper that does not change color indicates the sample is a base. Remember, acids and bases refer only to aqueous (water-based) solutions, so pH paper wont change color in non-aqueous liquids, such as vegetable oil. Litmus paper may be dampened with distilled water to give a color change for a gaseous sample. Gases change the color of the entire litmus strip since the whole surface is exposed. Neutral gases, such as oxygen and nitrogen, do not change the color of the pH paper. Litmus paper that has changed from red to blue can be reused as blue litmus paper. Paper that has changed from blue to red can be reused as red litmus paper. Limitations The litmus test is quick and simple, but it suffers from a few limitations. First, its not an accurate indicator of pH. It does not yield a numerical pH value. Instead, it roughly indicates whether a sample is an acid or a base. Second, the paper can change colors for other reasons besides an acid-base reaction. For example, blue litmus paper turns white in chlorine gas. This color change is due to bleaching of the dye from hypochlorite ions, not acidity/basicity. Alternatives to Litmus Paper Litmus paper is handy as a general acid-base indicator, but you can get much more specific results if you use an indicator that has a more narrow test range or that offers a wider color range. Red cabbage juice, for example, changes color in response to pH all the way from red (pH 2) through blue at neutral pH to greenish-yellow at pH 12, plus you are more likely to find cabbage at the local grocery store than lichen. The dyes orcein  and azolitmin yield results comparable to those of litmus paper.

Essay about Technology and Social Justice - 663 Words

In Technology and Social Justice (pp. 132-141) Freeman Dyson expresses a deep optimism about humans ability to use technological innovation to increase social justice. Exactly how does Dyson answer pessimistic doubts that technological innovations frequently serve to increase social oppression and inequality? What is your assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of Dysons response to that pessimistic perspective? Freeman Dyson answers the pessimistic doubts that technological innovations serve to increase social oppression and inequality by discussing the difference in technology between the rich and the poor. He explains how technology is a contributing factor in creating social injustice and endorses his deduction. He explains†¦show more content†¦Once we are through playing with it and the new wears off, we are more apt to allow others to have it, as long as there is something newer to replace it. Dyson addresses the pessimistic doubts that technology innovations frequently serve to increase social oppression and inequality. He discussed the difference in technology between the rich and the poor. He explains the effects of technology as it is contributed in a practical way to social justice. Dyson supports his conclusion though a combination of historical reflection, personal anecdotes, and the exercise of technological and moral imagination (Winston and Edelbach). Dyson begins to address the pessimistic doubts with historical examples. In the fourteenth century the new technology of printing transformed the face of Europe. Among people throughout Europe books and education was spread. Printing paved the way for the Protestant Reformation in Northern Europe. That was made possible by the printing of the Bible. Technology was also used in practical ways throughout the next centuries. Public health technology through clean water supplies, sewage treatment, vaccination, and antibiotics. Public health technology was used to protect the rich from contagion and sickness for the poor if it was available. Technology of synthetic material was once a way to determine the rich from the poor. That was until the nineteenth century thatShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination, Social Justice And Technology1970 Words   |  8 PagesWhen I first got introduced to this essay in my English class we were given three broad topics to choose from: discrimination, social justice and technology. Immediately I knew I wanted to pursue an area related with social justice because technology did not interest me one bit and I have already written copious amounts of papers on discrimination. However, I was not opposed to writing about something that could be deemed discriminatory and socially injustice. So with this notion in mi nd, it leadRead MoreAn Analysis of Freeman Dysons Essay, Technology and Social Justice577 Words   |  2 Pagesï » ¿Freeman Dyson on Technology and Progress Freeman Dysons essay/lecture Technology and Social Justice details the scientist and social philosophers overall view on technology and how it can be used to face the problems of modern civilization. Insisting that poverty can be significantly diminished if not eradicated through the use of certain technologies, Dysons vision seems almost naè ª °ve in its vision of the utopia that could be produced with the combination of solar energy, genetic engineeringRead MoreCriminal Justice Trends Evnaluatio1253 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal Justice Trends Evaluation 1 Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation December 10, 2012 CJA/394 Troy Hokanson Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation 2 Introduction The criminal justice system is very important to American society. The reason for laws are to defend society from harm, makeRead MoreThe Impact Of New Technology On Criminal Justice System1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of New Technologies on Criminal Justice and Corrections Our criminal justice system is very important to society. The reason for having laws is to defend society from harm, and to ensure that each person is kept safe, as well as to receive fair treatment. The criminal justice system works to defend the innocent and to punish the guilty without risking denial of an individual’s basic human rights. The past, present and future trends involved in the interface between components ofRead MoreThe Health Care System Of A Developed Country Versus A Developing Country Essay937 Words   |  4 Pagesthe population. Also important is protecting the residents against the financial consequences of ill-health (The WHO). The health care system of a nation is not an independent entity. It relies on various constructs such as the political climate, technology and the nation’s economy. It is also reflective of the views and morals of the society. There are main differences between the health care system of a developed country versus a developing country. Most developed countries are centrally controlledRead MoreLeg 5201335 Words   |  6 Pagescongruently fosters a new way of living, through technology our lives as we know as our own is far from it. This paper will discuss the use of technology to research ones private information, the advantages and disadvantages of the public access of such information and the laws th at promulgate such data. Due to the innovation and use of technology today, private information of an individual is easier to locate than in prior years. The use of technology daily has enabled neighbors, employers, law officialsRead MoreThe Principle Of Market Justice915 Words   |  4 PagesThe principle of market justice is a system where medical care and benefits are distributed on the basis of people willing and able to pay. Moreover, the principle of market justice assumes that the free-market forces for supply and demand can govern health care, individuals are responsible for their achievements, and the market works best with minimal inference with the government (Shi and Singh, 2013). On the contrary, the principle of social justice is when health care is equally distributed,Read MoreThe Organization Financing And Delivery Of Healthcare Systems Essay948 Words   |  4 Pagesthe population. Also important is protecting the residents against the financial consequences of ill-health (The WHO). The he alth care system of a nation is not an independent entity. It relies on various constructs such as the political climate, technology and the nation’s economy. It is also reflective of the views and morals of the society. There are main differences between the health care system of a developed country versus a developing country. Most developed countries are centrally controlledRead MoreHealth care1232 Words   |  5 Pagesno central governing agency, technology-driven delivery system, high on cost unequal in access average in outcome, delivery of health care under imperfect market conditions, government as subsidiary to the private sector, and market justice vs. social justice. With no central governing agency the system has many different payment, insurance, and delivery mechanisms. The technology-driven delivery system is there is new research and innovation in new medical technology. High on cost, unequal in accessRead MoreThe Issue Of Social Media1748 Words   |  7 P agesIssue 2- Social Media Unlike distance learning which a tool that delivers education to students is; social media is a form of communication that many of our students utilize to learn about matters that are going on around the campus and around the world. As stated by Ratliff, (2011) â€Å"Communication with student on campuses of higher education continues to drastically change† (p.1). There are many colleges and universities around the country that use social media to communicate a variety of information

Business Organization Free Essays

I started my Lawn Mowing Service as a sole proprietorship. I bought the lawn mover, edge trimmer, gasoline, and rake. I mowed neighbor’s yards. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now I got all the profits. If I did a bad job, or could not mow because of weather, I took a loss. I was very successful and made a lot of money and had 100 yards to tend every month. But I got tired of mowing 100 yards a month and working between 10 and 12 hour days. I needed help. I asked my parents if they would help and I would pay them half of what I made on each yard they mowed. They said: â€Å"No, we want the full amount for each yard mowed. The only way that they would be able to get the full amount is to produce their own yard service tools. If I had to provide them, I did not want to lose money for my material. We agreed to a deal that everything would be 50/50. This is when we formed a partnership. We agreed to 50/50 as they would take half the work and produce half the equipment needed. Even though it was my idea and business, 50/50 is better than no help at all and they are footing half the expenses. With this help, my business was growing faster and we were making money like crazy. With our business growing, other members of the family wanted in on the action. However, none of them wanted to actually work directly on the business as they had other jobs and did not want to work out in the heat. So, we formed a limited liability company. Each of them put up an investment, and we purchased more lawn service tools and trucks so we could easily move large mowers around town. The investment was also used to advertise the business. With having more customers now, we hired professional people what would do a great job of mowing yards and would be friendly with our customers. With having more customers, all the investors were paid back their investment and were now making a profit. At this point we were ready to expand our business to include tree service as well as landscaping. We wanted to expand so we could get contracts with the county, city, and state to mow the grass along the highways, interstates, and county roads. To expand our business, we needed a loan. We went to the bank, but they bank said: â€Å"No. Your business is too small and you do not have any assets to cover the loan. So, we decided to form a joint-stock company and made the stockholders liable for debts. In other words, we used their houses and or vehicles as collateral. When we went back to the bank they said: â€Å"Yes, a loan is no problem. If you don’t make good on the loan we’ll use the collateral to repay the debt. † With the money we were ready to expand. At the last minute we decided to buy a piece of property and open up our own nursery. This now allow ed our customers to come and pick out plants that they would like to see in their landscaping instead of us taking them to a competitor to purchase plants. How to cite Business Organization, Papers

Business Organization Free Essays

I started my Lawn Mowing Service as a sole proprietorship. I bought the lawn mover, edge trimmer, gasoline, and rake. I mowed neighbor’s yards. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now I got all the profits. If I did a bad job, or could not mow because of weather, I took a loss. I was very successful and made a lot of money and had 100 yards to tend every month. But I got tired of mowing 100 yards a month and working between 10 and 12 hour days. I needed help. I asked my parents if they would help and I would pay them half of what I made on each yard they mowed. They said: â€Å"No, we want the full amount for each yard mowed. The only way that they would be able to get the full amount is to produce their own yard service tools. If I had to provide them, I did not want to lose money for my material. We agreed to a deal that everything would be 50/50. This is when we formed a partnership. We agreed to 50/50 as they would take half the work and produce half the equipment needed. Even though it was my idea and business, 50/50 is better than no help at all and they are footing half the expenses. With this help, my business was growing faster and we were making money like crazy. With our business growing, other members of the family wanted in on the action. However, none of them wanted to actually work directly on the business as they had other jobs and did not want to work out in the heat. So, we formed a limited liability company. Each of them put up an investment, and we purchased more lawn service tools and trucks so we could easily move large mowers around town. The investment was also used to advertise the business. With having more customers now, we hired professional people what would do a great job of mowing yards and would be friendly with our customers. With having more customers, all the investors were paid back their investment and were now making a profit. At this point we were ready to expand our business to include tree service as well as landscaping. We wanted to expand so we could get contracts with the county, city, and state to mow the grass along the highways, interstates, and county roads. To expand our business, we needed a loan. We went to the bank, but they bank said: â€Å"No. Your business is too small and you do not have any assets to cover the loan. So, we decided to form a joint-stock company and made the stockholders liable for debts. In other words, we used their houses and or vehicles as collateral. When we went back to the bank they said: â€Å"Yes, a loan is no problem. If you don’t make good on the loan we’ll use the collateral to repay the debt. † With the money we were ready to expand. At the last minute we decided to buy a piece of property and open up our own nursery. This now allow ed our customers to come and pick out plants that they would like to see in their landscaping instead of us taking them to a competitor to purchase plants. How to cite Business Organization, Papers

Cruelty in animal testing free essay sample

Hobbes, the cat, has been under experimentation for most of his life. This is probably the last time that he will ever have to be experimented on again. Why? Because he is probably not going to make it through this time. The makers of Herbal Essences are about to force shampoo down his throat to see what happens to its organs. Even if the cat lives through the process, they will have to kill it to see which organs were affected by the toxic chemicals. If this was an actual human going through this deadly experiment, people would be in shock. Animal testing started numerous years ago to help provide humans with information. The process of animal testing is of great importance to scientists that work in testing for toxicity, in most cosmetics and personal care products that are made every year and are put into the market after being tested on animals. We will write a custom essay sample on Cruelty in animal testing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Animals in Product Testing stated, these products have gone through a long and complex testing process that leaves millions of animals mutilated, burned, poisoned and gassed in outmoded and unnecessary tests. From these different experiments, animals are often left with different diseases like Syphilis, Herpes, or AIDS (Animal Rights: Animal Testing). Manufacturers of these different products say that they are performing these tests to assure our safety for these products. They want to make sure that humans are not in any amount of danger (Animals in Product Testing). Animal testing is an unethical process, most of the testing is invasive and unnecessarily cruel torture to an innocent animal does that make us inherently evil even though many say we do the experiments for the greater good? Inflicting pain purposely is considered wrong in society and people are punished if caught. How can we justify the killing of an animal no matter how small and insignificant, in the larger scheme is there an alternative that we can use that will not cause pain and suffering and even save costs. Yes there are several different ways we can eliminate the use of animals in testing. There are certain types of animals that scientists use for certain types of experimentation. Some well-known animals that they use for testing are: cats, dogs, mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, gerbils, sheep, llamas, cattle, owls, deer, monkeys and other primates. These are not, by any means, all of the animals that they use. These are just the most common (Animal Rights: Animal Testing). For example, the Draize Test is used on white albino rabbits (S. , Jeremy). They use white albino rabbits because of their sensitive eyes and also because the formation of their tear ducts stops tears from draining away all of the foreign substance (Animal Rights: Test ). In this process, scientists rub shampoo, soap, toothpaste, oven cleaner, lipstick, or lawn products into their gorgeous, red eyes. From this point, scientists record the damage that they observed. This test can last up to eighteen days with their eyelids held open with a clip. Many of the rabbits end up breaking their necks trying to escape from the horrifying pain. First of all, it is pointless to keep the product in their eyes for that long of a period. There is no way that even a child would have something like that in his/her eye for very long. The second reason this is unnecessary to do to a rabbit is that the eye tissue of a rabbit is completely different from humans. (S. , Jeremy). Instead of using the Draize test we can use these alternative that provide better results and less cost from the government and private companies. Nearly 50 different alternative methods and testing strategies have been developed, validated and/or accepted by international regulatory authorities. Using blood from human volunteers to test for the presence of fever-causing contaminants in intravenous medicines can save hundreds of thousands of rabbits each year from traditional pyrogen tests. EpiSkinâ„ ¢, EpiDermâ„ ¢ and SkinEthic—each composed of artificial human skin—can save thousands of rabbits each year from painful skin corrosion and irritation tests. The Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test and Isolated Chicken Eye Test use eyes from animals slaughtered for the meat industry instead of live rabbits to detect chemicals and products that are severely irritating to the eyes. The 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test can replace the use of mice and other animals in the testing of medicines and other products for their potential to cause sunlight induced photo-toxicity. The Reduced Local Lymph Node Assay for skin allergy testing makes it possible to reduce animal use by up to 75 percent compared with traditional guinea pig and mouse tests. When testing to determine chemical concentrations that are deadly to fish and other aquatic life, use of the Fish Threshold Method can reduce the numbers of fish used by at least 70 percent compared with standard test methods. Why do companies even agree with animal experimentation? Some companies, like Clairol, demand that they do not use animal testing on their shampoo product, Herbal Essences. Even though they have cut down on animal testing, they have not eliminated the complete line of cosmetics and other products of animal experimentation (Consumer Companies Animals). There are also some companies, like Mothers Bath products, that do test on animals. The only difference is they shampoo their own dogs to see how it smells after being cleaned off with water. This type of procedure is not actual animal testing. The reason being is because it is not deathly and does not harm the animals in any way. Mothers Products inventor did mention, Beyond these happy volunteers WE DO NOT TEST ON ANIMALS. All other product testing is on ourselves, friends, family. This is the best type of testing to do, on real human beings (Mothers Cupboard Bath). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has different laws about the safety of human’s health. In other words, the FDA and the different laws agree with animal testing. The FDA supports two different acts, the Animal Welfare Act and the Public Health Service Policy and Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Animal Testing). The Animal Welfare Act is to assure the health of humane care and the management of dogs, cats and other certain animals that are used for research and experimentation. As well as to make sure that humane treatment of animals during the transport to help protect the owners of the animals from theft (U. S. Fish ). The Public Health Service Policy and Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals is a law that assures animal care for farm animals, mice and rats (Public Health ). The FDA feels that if animals are used instead of actual human beings, then there is no risk of taking a humans life. If animals are put under experimentation, then the loss of an animal wouldnt be as devastating as an actual person. Other companies like: Arm Hammer, Gillette, Procter Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive, SmithKline, Beecham, and Unilever still test their products on animals (S. , Jeremy). Another element why animal experimentation is wrong is because in multiple ways, it is pointless. The reason that companies even test their products on animals is because they are supposedly watching out for our safety. Most toxic products are tested on different animals. Some toxic products that are used are: soaps and detergents, oven cleaners, and toilet cleaner, etc. What is wrong with this picture? The internet site titled, Animals in Product Testing stated, no amount of animal testing can change the fact that many of these products are harmful if ingested or used in a way not intended by the manufacturer. In other words, there is no reason to force animals to swallow any toxic products, when no matter what, they would harm someone if they digested it (Animal in Product Testing). Also, many different types of drugs are very useful to human beings, but are very dangerous and deadly to animals. For example, Penicillin can help peoples lives, but actually kills guinea pigs. Another drug is Aspirin, which, in fact, causes birth defects in mice, monkeys, rats, cats, guinea pigs and dogs. Obviously, this is not a problem toward humans (Animal Rights: Animal Testing). There are many reasons why animal experimentation is meaningless, but, in many ways, it can be good according to Jack Botting and Adrian Morrison. Both of these scientist claim that animal experimentation is essential because that is the only way that cures can be invented for many diseases. Also, many other medicines have been developed through animal testing. Morrison and Botting feel that there is no difference between humans and animals. Experimenting on animals helps store precise information for humans (Botting, 78). Animal testing is also unnecessary because there is not a law saying that you have to test any product on animals (Stevens). The only product that is forced by the law, to test on animals, are certain types of chemicals and pharmaceutical products (S. , Jeremy). To think that people are so cruel against animals, and there is no reason for it. Karen Lee Stevens stated, Sophisticated alternatives to the use of animals in consumer product testing are readily available. So, from the Stevens statement, there are obviously many other ways, besides animal testing, which can be used to test different products. These different alternatives could possibly be more effective, be a better indicator for humans, have much quicker results, and it would not be involved in any kind of animal unkindness. So, why dont all companies realize that they dont have to do testing on innocent animals? There are two main reasons why it is so hard for manufacturers to use alternatives: the fright for human safety and the fright of product  assurance. The first company that changed their ways of animal testing was Revlon Cosmetics. In 1979, Revlon gave $750,000 to the Rockefeller University to research different alternatives to test their products. Different organizations such as the John Hopkins Center for the Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Toiletry and Fragrance Association, the Cosmetic, the International Foundation for Ethical Research, and the Soap and Detergent Association started their own research to develop different alternatives. While this research is going on, the amount of animal testing increases so that they can guarantee consistent results with the new alternatives (Stevens). The final reason why animal testing is so cruel is because innocent animals are being abused without reason. For example, many animals that are used in all of these experiments are animals that have either been stolen or are from different animals shelters. From there, they are taken to animal testing sites. All of these animal experimentation sites have been inspected, but just because the research centers are legalized, does not mean that animals arent being abused. According to Jeremy S. , A research scientist at Huntingdon Life Sciences was recently caught on videotape punching four puppies repeatedly in the face. This so-called scientist is trying to prevent humans from danger by punching puppies. The scientist tried to back up his crime by stating that he was only trying to do the puppies a favor because the product that he just made them sniff was giving them terrible effects on the body (S. , Jeremy). There is no reason to do this to such young animals, or any animals for that manner. Today, many companies have turned from animal testing. They now feel that animal experimentation is a cruel process that leaves innocent animals dead for no apparent reason. Although many companies have agreed that it is an absurd process, animal testing still is a huge part of product testing (Animals in Product Testing). After all of the reasons of why animal testing is ridiculous, hopefully a law will stop the cruel process. Although, like stated in the previous paragraph, many companies have stopped these practices and tests, there are many that still practice this process. Hobbes, the cat, could still be alive today if it wasnt for the companies that still believe that it is okay to test animals with products. A question that is brought up in many peoples mind is, why would animal testing still be going on if there a Overall, animal testing is expensive, time-consuming, unpredictable, and not easily reproducible from one lab to another (i. e. , results lack reliability). Because of their expense, cumbersomeness, and scientific limitations, animal tests have not adequately addressed the vast number of chemicals already in commercial use, nor the estimated 700 new ones introduced every year. According to Dr. Thomas Hartung, director of the Johns Hopkins University Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, out of â€Å"some 100,000 chemicals in consumer products,†¦only about 5,000 have had significant testing so far because no one has the capacity for experiments using standard methods involving animals. †[7] While all new products must be tested for safety, using animals to assess human health risks is inefficient, unreliable, and has limited—if any—predictive value for what will happen in humans. Thankfully, private industry and a growing number of federal agencies are now acknowledging the superiority of alternative methods for safety testing. While alternative methods have not received the full scientific, industry, and government support that they deserve, progress is being made, as the development of alternative techniques becomes more widely recognized as a legitimate and important area of basic and applied scientific investigation. For example, one traditional criticism of in vitro replacement alternatives was their inability to mimic or reproduce the consequences of long-term, chronic human exposure to toxic substances. This is no longer the case. As cell culture technology has evolved, it is now possible to maintain in vitro systems for sufficiently longer periods of time—weeks or months. It is not necessary to maintain such cultures for years, as is done with some typical chronic animal tests. Long-term cell and tissue culture techniques can now allow in vitro studies of the effects of chronic, repeated exposure to toxic substances, as well as the recovery from such exposure in a shorter period of time.

To what extent did victory or defeat in war in the period 1792-1918 depend on the quality of generalship Essay Example Essay Example

To what extent did victory or defeat in war in the period 1792-1918 depend on the quality of generalship Essay Example Paper To what extent did victory or defeat in war in the period 1792-1918 depend on the quality of generalship Essay Introduction Between 1792 and 1918 there were many battles fought whose outcome relied on a variety of factors of differing importance. The quality of generalship was one of those factors, however no individual factor solely decided the outcome of wars. The quality of generalships importance on the outcome of wars was indeed significant in the Napoleonic period and the German Wars of Unification as both Napoleon and the Prussian General Staff showed, however in WW1 its importance declined, as despite poor French and British generalship the allies were still victorious. More important than the quality of generalship to the outcome of wars over the whole period was tactics.Despite drastic changes in tactics it remained consistently the most important factor in the whole period in deciding the outcome of wars. Another factor that was of less magnitude than tactics but still more important than the quality of generalship in deciding the outcome of wars was quality and numbers of soldiers. Throughout this period numbers of soldiers were consistently crucial, with the quality of soldiers becoming of increasing importance over the period as power was delegated more. Overall, to some extent victory or defeat in war did depend on generalship in both the Napoleonic period and the German wars of Unification, however in World War 1 its importance was of less significance.The area of warfare that to the largest extent victory or defeat in war in the period 1792-1918 depended on was tactics. Despite changing radically over this period tactics was consistently the most important factor in the outcome of wars from 1792-1918. During the Napoleonic period the use of envelopment to encircle the enemy was crucial to determining victory in war. Envelopment relied on fitness and commitment from soldiers as marching long distances at fast paces was common and so could also be seen to link in with growing quality of soldiers. The greatest example of envelopment being used to determine the outcome of a battle was at Ulm in 1805, which has been recognised as a victory achieved as much by marching as by fighting.This is because the French marched 500 miles from North East France to the Rhine and then the Danube to envelop the Austrians at Ulm, leading to an Austrian surrender as they were surrounded and could not unite with the Russians. The importance of Napoleon’s generalship in relation to tactics should not be undermined as he used different tactics for different battles making predicting the course of attack difficult for the enemy. Despite evolving to supporting the defender due to increased technology, tactics were equally important during the German Wars of Unification.One example that highlights the importance of tactics over numbers of soldiers and weapons was at Konnigratz in 1866 where the Prussians used battlefield concentration, converging multiple units at the same location to trap the Austrians, despite the fact the Austrians outnumbered the Prussians 240 ,000 to 130,000 and also had superior weapons. However, this victory once again also links in with the quality of generalship to some extent as the Austrian general Benedek had dithered, failing to capitalise on the numerical advantage of his army. The rate of change between the German Wars of Unification and WW1 in relation to tactics was larger than that of Napoleonic wars to German Wars of Unification due to the new strategy of trench warfare which was a key turning point in the nature of warfare, however despite this, tactics maintained their importance in defining the outcome of war. One tactic in WW1 that led to huge casualties and thus failure in battle was advancing en masse towards enemy trenches after artillery bombardment.The importance of this tactic in relation to failure was particularly prevalent at the battle of the Somme where most of the British infantry advanced en masse in open line towards enemy trenches that had not been destroyed and were subsequently cut down by German machine guns and artillery leading to 20,000 deaths. In contrast to advancing en masse the use of infantry advancing in small groups had a much more effective impact on the outcome of battles in WW1 as was shown by the German stormtroopers who used this tactic to break through Allied lines during the Battle of Caporetto in 1917. This therefore shows that tactics was the most important factor in determining the outcome of wars in this period.The area of warfare that to the second largest extent determined victory or defeat from 1792-1918 was quality and numbers of soldiers. The impact of numbers of soldiers on the outcome of war showed continuities throughout the whole period particularly as countries moved toward total war and needed to harness increasing numbers. The impact of numbers of soldiers was never more obvious than in Napoleonic warfare. The levee en masse which was ordered in 1793 conscripted all men aged 18-25, and in doing so recruited over 1 million.The larg e army allowed Napoleon to conduct his plans for European domination and the advantage of numbers was obvious in battles such as Valmy where the French won as they outnumbered the Prussians by 2000 and Jena Auerstadt where the French won as they outnumbered the Prussians by 8000. The impact of numbers of soldiers on the outcome of war was also equally important in WW1 when the key turning point came in the war with the influx of American troops, who despite lacking quality, allowed the allies to push for victory. The importance of numbers of troops can be compounded by the fact that Ludendorff attempted to launch his final offensive before the Americans were present in Europe because he knew with increased numbers on the allies side it would be difficult for the Germans to be victorious. The importance of quality of soldiers in determining the outcome of battles increased over this period.The huge numbers in Napoleonic warfare outweighed the need for soldiers of high quality and thu s many soldiers were often just ordered to bayonet charge the enemy. However in the German Wars of Unification there was a key turning point as the education of soldiers by the Prussians allowed for ‘thinking soldiers’ who could be flexible in battle, this allowed power to be delegated and in doing so increased the likelihood of victory. Despite mass conscription from most nations involved, the increased quality of soldier was evident in WW1. This was shown through highly trained and disciplined German storm troopers who were utilised effectively for penetrating enemy lines, significantly increasing the chance of victory as was shown at Caporetto in 1917. This therefore shows that quality and numbers of soldiers were the second most important factor in determining the outcome of wars in this period.Despite being of less importance than tactics, and quality and numbers of soldiers, generalship still had a significant impact on the outcome of war in the period 1792-1914. The importance of generalship varied over this period with it initially being very important, however as whole countries moved towards total war the importance of the individual general declined. The importance of one single general on the outcome of war can not be exemplified better than Napoleon. Napoleon’s ability to take risks and improvise was unrivalled in his period and led to numerous victories. One key example of the impact of Napoleon on the outcome of a battle was at Austerlitz where Napoleon constantly manouevred his troops so that he took on each section of the Russians and Austrians separately and nullifying the advantage of greater numbers as the Russians and Austrians had 86,000 to the French’s 67,000. The ingenious principle was always to try to have superior numbers at a given place.This was aided by poor communication between the Russians and Austrians which allowed Napoleon to pick them off. Generalship maintained its importance in the German Wars o f Unification, however rather than being solely reliant on one man, there was a key turning point in that power was delegated, this was largely made possible by the increased education, and thus quality, of soldiers. It was the work of the Prussian General staff which was one of the main factors responsible for the unification of all the independent German states. One of the crucial changes the General Staff enforced that contributed to victory was to state that newly developed rifled artillery would no longer be placed in the rear of the order of march for employment behind the infantry; instead, a significant detachment would travel with the advanced guard of the leading corp, and the remainder would march with the front of the main body, providing immediate artillery coverage of the advanced guard on contact and of the main body during subsequent deployment on the field.This change led to definitive victories such as Spicheren in 1870 where despite the French having the technolog ical advantage of the Chassepot, the superior organisation of the Prussian artillery led to victory. However, the importance of quality of generalship decreased in WW1 as is shown by the fact that the Allies were victorious despite possessing far less able generals than the Germans. This can be exemplified by the battle of the Somme in 1916, where Haig failed to realise that German trenches had not been destroyed by Allied bombardment and continued to send British infantry to advance en masse only to be confronted by German fire, leading to 60,000 casualties. This therefore shows that initially quality of generalship was important on the outcome of war, however this importance declined in WW1.Overall to a significant extent generalship did influence the outcome of wars in both Napoleonic warfare and the Wars of German Unification, however in WW1 it had less impact. The area of warfare that to the largest extent decided the outcome of wars from 1792 to 1914 was tactics, and this was consistently the case throughout the period despite changes in tactics, notably the key turning point being the introduction of trench warfare. Quality and numbers of soldiers were also consistently important in dictating the outcome of wars during this period, with the importance of quality increasing as more and more countries conscripted untrained soldiers. To what extent did victory or defeat in war in the period 1792-1918 depend on the quality of generalship Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Draft Questionaire- Hr Functions in Indigenious Companies Essays

Draft Questionaire- Hr Functions in Indigenious Companies Essays Draft Questionaire- Hr Functions in Indigenious Companies Essay Draft Questionaire- Hr Functions in Indigenious Companies Essay Dear Respondent: I am BBA student of North South University doing a survey for the partial fulfillment of Intership report that involves the practice of HR functions in indigenious companies . It will take only few minutes of your time. Your response would be of great help in accomplishing the study. However, this information is only for academic purpose and will not be disclosed elsewhere. I heartily thank you for your cooperation. For the following questions, PLEASE tick (v) your answer according to the degree of your agreement. [e. g. 5 = ‘highly agree’, 4 = ‘moderately agree’, 3 = ‘agree’, 2 = ‘moderately disagree’, 1 =‘highly disagree’] Company/Firm: ________________ Position: ______________ Education level: ______ Tenure of job: ________ Gender: _______ Age: _____ Total number of employees: _____ Independent variable: Section One Workplace Environment (IV)12345 1. Employees are not required to report what they hav e done in training (away from the job). 2. Employees have not been trained to recognize and handle difficult situation at critical market conditions. 3. Employees have not been tranied to recognize and handle threatening, aggressive, or violent behavior. . Management provide a safe working place for all employees. 5. Management promote high standards of employee health. 6. Do management and employees do volunteer jobs or any changes that can bring out the best within the organization? Independent varible: Section Two Recruitment and selection12345 1. A systemic recruitment and selection process pulls out the best candidate from the alternatives. 2. Recruitment and selection can bring success to short-term functional and long term strategic goals 3. Your organization follows all the best method of Recruitment and selection process. 4. To overcome the rapid change in the market, various new methods of Recruitment and selection should be followed. 5. Not all positions require various stages of Recruitment and selection. Independent variable: Section Three Compensation and Benefits12345 1. Compensation should relfect one’s performace in workplace. 2. Compensation and benefits is a vital tool of motivation. 3. There are various benefits in your organization. 4. Pay-for-knowledge systems are a way to translate TD results on the job. 5. All managers in your organization should be involved in active planning of Compensation and benefits with employees. 6. Non-moneytary benefits like a day off, food and accomondation is also welcomed. 7. There should be a clear direction of earning various Compensation at for different jobs. Independent variable: Section Four Performance Apprisal12345 1. Performance Apprisal should be the chief indicator for reward decisions such as promotion, increments etc. 2. A well desgined Performance Apprisal evaluates the effectiveness and contribution of employees at all levels. 3. Performance Apprisal helps to understand the feedback of employees. 4. For the growth of a successful organization Performance Apprisal evaluates the selection and classification of workers. . Performance Apprisal helps to improve the employee’s quality of performance. 6. A well developed Performance Apprisal of each employee should help management to effectively do HR planning and long term high profit margin. Independent variable: Section Five Training and Development Framework (IV) 12345 1. TD system advances the organizati ons mission and is exploited as a source of strategic advantage 2. Policy statements provide clear and consistent communication regarding expected attitudes and behaviors that support learning. 3. In many organizations TD policies are established as a part of structured career paths. . Benchmark organizations derive the content of TD from their strategic objectives, culture and values and their present and predicted competency and skill needs. 5. After every cycle of planning, implementing and evaluating a program the organization must be ready and willing to make the modifications to the program based on evaluation information. 6. TD program can overcome the risks associated with market uncertainty 7. Leadership through TD is a source of competitive advantage 8. TD brings the overall development of the organization. Dependent variable: Section Six Employee Outcomes (DV)12345 1. I feel better off after a successful training and I am motivated to apply my new skills in the role of activities. 2. I feel that selection and recruitment process in the beginning helped me to adjust the orgnization. 3. Performance Apprisal in my organzation is good source for me to increase my quality and speed. 4. I believe my organziation provides a good and safe environment that really motivates me to work effectively. 5. I have the ability to address problems and take advantage of opportunities for constructive change. 6. Compensation and benefits of my organization is done on the basis of true HR practice. Dependent variable: Section Seven Organization performance (DV)12345 1. Every year my organzation is expanding because of a systamic HR planning and practice. 2. I always feel positive working in the office 3. I have the willingness and my organization understand my desire for aquiring new knowledge. 4. I have the ability to be flexible and adapt to changes because of learning environment I have in my organization 5. My organization is paying high because of increment of revenue every year. ?Any other opinion/suggestion/recommendation that you may have or has not been covered yet:  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬